Posted by The typing module added in Python 3.5 (see reference docs here) adds additional types and meta-types to allow for more control over python type hints. In this post we’ll talk about what this module adds and what neat things you can do with it.
This is the third post in a multi-part series on typing in Python.
General Overview
The following types are new in this module and require importing them from the typing module (available in python3.5+) before using.
AnyUnionTupleCallableList
This module also adds the functionality to alias types and create new types.
There are also equivalent types for every native type that exist solely for the purpose of type-checking and hinting.
How to Check Types (the Pythonic Way)
Soooo, technically the following code snippet works, but isn’t Pythonic.
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>>> x = 'foobarbizzbazzbang' >>> type(x) is str True |
The better way to check this is to use isinstance and issubclass
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>>> isinstance(x, str) True >>> issubclass(type(x), str) True |
For more information see this SO post.
For these examples however, we’ll use enforce to check the types. Feel free to run the examples and verify the results.
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from typing import * from enforce import runtime_validation |
The Any Type
Everything is of the Any type. Everything.
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@runtime_validation def foobar(x: Any, y: Any, z: Any) -> Any: return x foobar(5, 6, 7) foobar(5, 'asdfasdf', 7) foobar(2.2, 'sdasdiiijsdjo ', lambda : None) |
The Union Type
This type allows for an object to be either one type or the other.
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@runtime_validation def uniontype(x: Union[int, str]) -> int: return int(x) uniontype(5) uniontype('5') uniontype(5.0) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- RuntimeTypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-7-59167f3f0321> in <module>() 5 uniontype(5) 6 uniontype('5') ----> 7 uniontype(5.0) RuntimeTypeError: The following runtime type errors were encountered: Argument 'x' was not of type typing.Union[int, str]. Actual type was float. |
The Tuple Type
The Tuple type models exactly what tuples do in python, immutable ordered collections.
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@runtime_validation def tupletype(x: Tuple[int, int]) -> Tuple[int, int]: return x tupletype((2, 3)) tupletype((2, '3')) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- RuntimeTypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-9-ec3da0b44c47> in <module>() 4 5 tupletype((2, 3)) ----> 6 tupletype((2, '3')) RuntimeTypeError: The following runtime type errors were encountered: Argument 'x' was not of type typing.Tuple[int, int]. Actual type was typing.Tuple[int, str]. |
The Callable Type
This is for typing functions and other callable items.
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@runtime_validation def callabletype(x: Callable[[int, int], str]) -> None: return def dummyfunc(x: int, y: int) -> str: return 'foo' callabletype(dummyfunc) callabletype(lambda x, y: 'sdf') --------------------------------------------------------------------------- RuntimeTypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-12-9a2a66861b54> in <module>() 7 8 callabletype(dummyfunc) ----> 9 callabletype(lambda x, y: 'sdf') RuntimeTypeError: The following runtime type errors were encountered: Argument 'x' was not of type typing.Callable[[int, int], str]. Actual type was typing.Callable. |
The List Type
As with Tuple, this is the type for python lists.
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@runtime_validation def listtype(x: List[int]) -> List[int]: return x listtype([1, 2, 3]) listtype([1]) listtype([1.0, 8]) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- RuntimeTypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-16-ae038f6b0641> in <module>() 5 listtype([1, 2, 3]) 6 listtype([1]) ----> 7 listtype([1.0, 8]) RuntimeTypeError: The following runtime type errors were encountered: Argument 'x' was not of type typing.List[int]. Actual type was typing.List[int, float]. |
Other Types
There are a ton of other official types introduced in this module with the purpose of typing functions more accurately. They all have fairly intuitive usages, which is why I’m not going through and listing all of them. For a full list check the reference docs here.